Denis Carthy

Denis It's already been pointed out by K9, you cannot see internal injuries Muttlover, Denis Carthy Those studies did take place, in the early 1980’s a very brief paper came to many groups working their dogs, independent of UK-KC sports, and who mainly had contacts and had done some training etc in Germany and usually who had some contacts with an ex military dog handler who had done service in Germany. It was a very brief paper translated and giving the basic facts and statistics on the one hundred dogs. I and no one else really took any notice of which Uni it was carried, out by as that was irrelevant to the facts. Even it was written into the paper, and I do not remember any name, no one would have took much notice of an non pronounceable German name anyway, let alone remember it 20 years on. I spoke to Anne Marie Silverton by phone about 3 years to try to get the name of whatever Uni was involved but she could not remember, she saw it in a German magazine and she did give it a seminar many times. I don’t know why you are under the implied impression that all studies are referenced and readily accessible, very few studies which are done ever see far beyond the research source. As far as were they used properly-good heavens-these were German studies-the Germans invented prong collars asking if a German pet or working dog owner knows how to use a prong collar is like asking a footballer does he know what a goalpost is, they are up to SchH 1 by the time their 11. Below is edited from an Anders Hallgren paper-he sent it to me personally-I don’t think it has ever been published but look anyway- There is also a much more recent probe piece of research which amounts to someone wrote to about 20 UK vets with questions etc-it showed in that one area of UK 13 dogs out of 20 had suspect neck problems to do with pulling on the lead, no time to reference it now and it was only a probe questionair anyway. ***************************** Anders Hallgren Back problems in dogs 1991. P1 – P6. P1. In 1991 I studied in an attempt to map frequency of back injuries in dogs. The study comprised 400 dogs and a team of chiropractors. P3. There seems to be a connection between how the collar is handled and back problems. Pulling and jerking on the leash affect especially the neck and throat. snip However, one of the clearest correlation’s in the whole study was between cervical (neck) damages and ‘jerk and pull’. 91% of the dogs who had neck injuries had also been exposed to jerking and pulling on the lead by the owner or had been allowed to pull hard on the leash for long periods of time. Authors note: – A very low percentage of the dogs that had no cervical injuries had been exposed to jerking or allowed to pull for long periods. P 4 Dogs of different breeds represented by 9 or more dogs of that breed were listed to see if some breeds were more inclined to back problems. Other dogs were involved. 1. Bernese Mountain dog 2. Mixed breeds 3. Boxer. 4. Cavalier King Charles. 5. Collie 6. Dobermann 7. Flat Coated Retriever 8. Golden Retriever 9. Groenendal 10. Lab Retriever 11. GSD 12. Tervueren. Back defects as irritation It’s well known that dogs with different diseases easily develop problem behaviours, Pain can cause aggression etc. Reproduction for non commercial purposes permmited to Denis Carthy.

Muttlover Denis Well you have not been looking very far-I have read several posts on here, other than my own, by people with first hand knowledge and experience of anti-barks and all of them clearly state the benefits of them and there is no suggestion of any adverse effects only benefits. - One manufacturer alone, Tri-Tronics had produced 6.5 million training and anti bark collars, there are at least 7 major manufacturers retailing on a global scale, cases of anti-bark collars causing any adverse effects when used correctly are so negligible that they are so very rare and simply do not realistically count, the RSPCA Oz could not find one single case in the seven years between 1996 and 2002 so it made cases up which were false. - I do not know the total figures of the combined sales but based on the 6.5 million figure alone + the personal experience of people here – what do those combinations suggest to you? Muttlover Denis That is a sensible approach and that would have been a sensible comment to broadcast to a public world wide audience, millions of whom are looking for factual information. Unfortunately for many dogs you went far beyond that and your inappropriate comments could affect the welfare of millions of dogs who could otherwise have benifitted by use of a static pulse anti-bark collar. You claim you are supporter of the RSPCA and clearly some of your comments suggest your thinking is aligned with theirs. Your approach to this subject does indicate that canine ‘welfare’ and a dogs relationship with its human owner, its social environment and the owners relationship with their surrounding social environment, including councils are not the priority they should be with the RSPCA and its supporters, of which you are one. That raises the question, what is the hidden agenda? Muttlover Denis. When a dog barks – jumps-eats- sniffs bottoms – runs in front of a car- it is a reward to the dog, the dog experiences the behaviour as pleasant, rewards to the dog increase behaviour -each enjoyable repetition reinforces the behaviour and increases the probability of recurrence - the dog itself has no awareness of the physiological stress caused on its larynx and the long term damage that can will do, etc. In the case of a nuisance barker the entire neighbourhood is punished each time the dog starts a nuisance barking session, psychological stress is caused to the local population, this might include people or a child who are ill and need peace and quiet, someone might have just been bereaved – punishment decreases a behaviour – – the frequent punishment of anti social barking, to which the local population is exposed at random, decreases the tolerance behaviour displayed prior to the punishments of anti-social barking – – the dog ends up in rescue only to pass on the problem and the local population changes from high tolerance to low tolerance of dogs, or as you put it, anti dog, a ‘humane’ and sensible solution? When the dog barks with an anti bark collar the impulse removes the reward element which causes nuisance barking, no animal presists in a behaviour which is not rewarding-the entire neighbourhood is rewarded by being able to live their lives in privacy without the intrusion of other peoples problems passed on to them (barking dog) which increases the probabilty of a pleasant environement, if you cannot accept this maybe you should consider a Gerbil instead of a dog. Muttlover Denis Yes you will get some dogs react like this to anti barks, if they have a predisposition to nervousness, they can react the same to shouting, a car horn, going to the vets, and a thousand other things. However, the reaction of dog you describe to an anti bark is (a) very rare (b) you make on mention of the make of collar and so it is not possible to know if the collar make and model had steep gradients between each level or low gradients, the later being the best. Again, the amount of collars sold world wide is phenomenal, success rate without stress on the dogs is absolutely phenomenal and anti-bark collars have improved relationships between the dog, its human owner, their neighbours and councils, on top of that they have saved more dogs from rescues than any other known method of stopping barking. Going back to your friends case-I am not a specialist in anti-bark collars or static pulse boundary fences. I know some anti-barks are not very reliable and others have to steep a gradient between levels. As far as the dog you mentioned being afraid of loud noises, thats nothing to do with anti-bark collars, something else. I do know that the Petsafe De-Lux model is problem free, low gradients, highly reliable and probably the best anti bark collar on the market and based on what I know of that collar I would and do recommend it. Muttlover Denis It is against the laws of physics for any modern e-collar, of any type to give an electric shock. An electric shock passes into the body, there are no electric shock collars manufactured that I am aware of, if you know one name it otherwise don’t spread scare stories based on non factual date, although it is the norm for the RSPCA to maintain those appalling ethics, to collect money. One thing is highly conspicuous by its absence in your post-I linked a few, of many, links showing haltie head cages are a stressfull bloodbath, you made no comment at all on that-I am I right in thinking the RSPCA, your collegues, sell them for proffit and does that ccount for your ommissions of comment of them? In future please give a true representation of what static pulse is, including some of the hundreds of uses its put to daily, if you click the links below details of static static electro pulse and obsolete electric shock collars of long ago, to which you refer, are detailed, to state the obvious (obvious to most people) if something cannot give an electric shock it is not an electric shock collar or anything else. At the link below, scroll to - Denis Carthy - 24th May 2005 - 03:48 PM http://forums.dogzonline.com.au/index.php?...=60#entry396511 Electric Shock collars http://p199.ezboard.com/fletstalkbreedingf...opicID=14.topic

Muttlover As for the actual topic of bark collars, I wouldn't use a shock collar cause I can't believe it is inhumane. Denis Your comments are worth a reply if for no other reason than people who are reading this and might have a barking OR training problem and have no idea; (a) what these collars are (b) have ever seen one. ( c ) know how they work The reason I ask what you mean by your term “shock collar” is to establish if you are talking about a surprise, specifically to anti-bark collars or do you mean something else by usage of the word shock? Please clarify because people could easily be mislead by inappropriate and misleading terminology, if they are mislead by inaccurate, inappropriate and misleading terminology they may not try find out facts which could benefit the welfare of their own dog. Muttlover Although I have one very noisy dog and have contemplated using one of those sound collars as a last resort, although it hasn't come to that. Denis Based on the above you clearly have never gone into ultra sound collars. There has been no safety tests on them in terms of damaging the dogs eardrums and they work specifically from pain. My use of the word ‘work’ is misleading, they have a very low rate of success and very few retailers in the US stock them any more and almost no in the UK. You have not taken account of the fact that if a noise, which is loud to any animal, it makes the animal temporarily less able to detect sounds at the frequencies it normally can hear sounds, because of the lingering buzzing it still experiences. The sound itself has gone and the buzzing is from brain cells, this can only mean that tissue is physiologically affected by the sound frequency at some level, but, as I said no safety tests have been done on them and they do not sell very well because they have a poor rate of success. Muttlover I also wonder if the council is going to be more lenient on dogs that bark and are complained to by some anti-dog resident? Denis Anti-dog residents are made not born. Only a tiny minority of people own dogs and if they cause a nuisance they are a social nuisance, once 'anything' gets a reputation for being a nuisance it sticks and is passed to the ‘thing’ in general, in this case all dogs. Humans whether anti dog or not have a priority in society over all animals and people who might have one dog which upsets the neighbourhood, have an obligation to stop that dog manufacturing an ‘anti-dog’ populace-one nuisance dog can make trouble for every dog around and complaints make councils less lenient of dogs not more lenient. Muttlover I also support the work of the RSPCA. Denis I would be interested to hear why you support the false stories they made up about e-collars-especially the photograph. People who support false stories, of any kind, do not support the truth.

If anyone wants to use any of the article below, for non-commercial purposes, they can providing they give a credit. *1. E-collar Static Stimulation Development Part 2. Static Stimulation in Perspective. Although this paper is dedicated to remote electronic training collars I feel it is appropriate to clarify what static stimulation is and place it in its wider context and perspective of uses. It is erroneous to think of it as specific to e-training collars and thoughts of electricity being involved should be put aside because of the historical and normal connotations to electrical sensation. In the case of any external devices deliberately designed to cause a sensation a specific number of electrical waves pass between the contact points bouncing off the surface of the skin, say for instance 1000 waves per second. It is the number of bounces on the skin surface per sec which is usually known as ‘the intensity’. If the speed of the waves bouncing along the skin surface was slowed down to 500 bounces per sec the sensation would decrease, speed up to 2000 waves and the sensation would increase in ‘intensity’. If 1000 bounces per sec reached an accumulated point of discomfort whereby it distracted someone from ‘doing’ something after 6 sec and the discomfort ceased at the point the behaviour changed then the cessation of the behavioural action would reinforce or reward the pleasant relief behaviour and strengthened it. As I have stated the working functionality of a modern e - training collar is based on the accumulation of a static stimulus sensation which is not dependant on one element making up the sensation ( i.e. intensity ) it is based on two elements. If you start to scratch your arm at a level which is uncomfortable but not an immediate overwhelming intensity and continue at that level you will soon find it becomes uncomfortable to a point that you discontinue the behaviour = discomfort + length of time = change in behaviour, i.e stopped the action of scratching. Even with an intellect a billion, billion universes beyond that of a dog humans learn and benefit by sensation very early on. We learn ‘not’ to hold our hands to close the fire for to long ‘intensity + duration’, we learn ‘not’ to wait to long after the hunger pain sensation starts and eat for pleasant relief, dogs learn to avoid the unpleasant sensation of direct sun and keep to the shade after a short exposure to direct sun, ‘intensity + duration, positively reinforcing low degrees of activity. Most dogs are more active on cold days, as the increase in activity from less activity the discomfort of feeling cold decreases, positively reinforcing increased degrees of activity on cold days. All these are negative reinforcement actions and are positively reinforced by strengthening behaviour which is rewarding. Static stimulation has been in use and development for a vast variety of purposes for many years, at least since the 1950’s, long before e-collars became training collar category collars in 1998. The main reasons e-collars remained behind other developed uses of variable level static stimulation instruments was its use on a moving object, very often under adverse environmental conditions, at long range and with the ability to be perpetually adjusted to the sensory widening and narrowing which occurs with drive activity levels. If analogue technology was still in existence e-collars would have remained as limited use collars. Acupuncture pens are a product which give a sensation as a by-product of their design purpose but some children’s toys are deliberately designed to give a sensation of entertainment value, static bands are available which can be placed around wounds and aid healing, variable intensity static stimulation arm bands are available to displace concentration for people suffering some kind of pain in another part of the body. Static stimulation devices designed to eliminate parasites and the conditions caused by them in humans and animals, micro current electrical stimulators for sore muscles, CES for relaxation, anxiety, meditation, and other benefits, massage devices. On Channel 4 London region w/e July 7th 2004 an hour long late night program was dedicated to variable level static stimulation erotic M/F sex toys with optional combined vibration. The static sensation is exactly the same as e-collars, needless to say, the body areas had different biological purposes and responded to the sensation appropriately. . *2 Abstract -In a clinical trial using electrical stimulation for healing wounds, forty-four dogs of different breeds and ages were treated. Lesions were graded into three categories according to severity. They were treated by electrical stimulation with supportive therapy given only if an underlying disease was present. These wounds, previously treated conventionally without success, showed marked improvement. Only 3 (6.8%) patients had an outcome graded poor, 4 (9.1%) were graded fair, and 37 (84.1%) did excellently. A positive correlation (r = 0.9 was found between severity of lesion and number of treatments needed. Most patients with an underlying condition had a poor to fair outcome. Although no explanation as to the mechanism of action of this treatment is advanced, this trial suggests that electrical stimulation is highly effective in promoting wound healing. - The fact that static stimulation is a sensation and the actual idea that in such a technologically advanced society we have not technologically progressed beyond being able to use electrical sensation beyond an elementary electric shock is absurd. Such claims from groups or individuals are untrue and should either be dismissed or put in the context of such groups who opposed Darwin, when the first photographs were produced similar groups wanted photography banned because “Only God can make man in his own image”. In the 40,000 + years of the existence of the species dog there has always been one persistent problem, ‘distance control and training’. More dogs have suffered abuse due to frustration or revolving door rescues because of this than any other single reason. In the UK the e-training collar is giving dogs more freedom and stress free relationships in this past two or three years than at any time in the history of the species and they are the easiest to use addition to training aids of every kind. The modern static stimulation e-training collar has taken the dog out of the dark ages of needing to be on the lead because it is out of control and given it the freedom within safety which is a requirement of the species if it is to live a quality life with stress free owners in a lifelong relationship which comes about by owning a well behaved dog. The only suffering caused by e-training collars is to those who have commercially exploited pet owners in recent years by convincing them their dog has some kind of quasi medical condition which needs a lifetime of expensive ‘behavioural treatment’, when it refuses recall, raids picnics, runs at strange children barking at them or general, normal, uncontrolled, disruptive canine behaviour. Additional e-collar info. Electric shock and static shock collars, what they were and when they were. http://p199.ezboard.com/fletstalkbreedingf...opicID=14.topic ************************************* Below is a x section of the many thousands of Electro pulse products in common or increasing use. http://www.bodyclock.net/ http://www.stockroom.com/electric.htm http://www.medicaledu.com/estim.htm http://electrosex.nl/index.php?cPath=70 http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/06/14/...ain296526.shtml http://www.kiiko.com/pachi.html www.dogtra.com http://www.medicaledu.com/estim.htm http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/deepbrain2/intros.htm http://www.pallidotomy.com/deep_brain_stimulation.html http://feswww.fes.cwru.edu/ http://www.vet.purdue.edu/cpr/research.htm...l%20Stimulation http://www.lcsupply.com/store/flashcart.cf...=2073&hash=1996 http://www.sexshop365.co.uk/catalog/default.php?cPath=65_192 http://www.wireheading.com/brainstim/ http://www.erosboutique.org/store/merchant...tro_Stimulation http://apu.sfn.org/content/Publications/Br...timulation.html ***************************************** Ref *1. Denis Carthy, Remote Electronic Training Collars. Ch 5, part 2, P10. Fifty years of UK history, from electric shock to a sensation Second Edition 2004. *2. USE OF ELECTRICAL STIMULATION FOR WOUND HEALING IN DOGS Vol. 57 (2) 2002 H. Sumano, G. Goiz and V. Clifford Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, 04510. Mexico.

EddyAnne and keep in mind that Mr & Mrs Holliday of ("Orion" & "Innotek") had to pay Dr Wirth a total of $30,000 Denis Hi Eddy, yes I did know about that, Innotek publicaly called Wirth a liar for some of the things he said and the word ‘liar’ constituted a liable, which is why Innotek were ordered to pay the $30,000. Eddy quoted (I think quoted) Description: Dog collars designed to cause an electric shock, or dog collars designed to puncture or bruise an animal's skin. Denis If the word electric shock is written into the law then it’s unlikely the law would hold up as legal if someone appealed a case and a law with that wording would probably have to be repealed. ‘Electric Shock’ is a technical scientific term and is clearly defined in whatever medical dictionary definition is recognised by your government health dept – - it MUST penetrate the body and cause defined physiological reactions - an e-stim cannot penetrate the body neither can the hundreds of other surface e-stim devices available for different uses. - As an example of the term legally defined and recognised; The scientific definition would be used in court cases where someone might be claiming compensation for damages due to ‘electric shock’ they would have to provide medical evidence that what had cause the damage was an electric actual shock, static pulse collars cannot penetrate the body. KitKat If i wanted to cause my dog/s 'pain' or 'torture' them...there are quicker and much cheaper ways of doing so. Denis Yes but don’t forget how much money your RSPCA is (or was) bringing in to pay Wirths and others salary by making their absurd claims. It needs to be remembered that these cranks and extremists feed and make money from the vulnerable from spewing their vomit and spreading their own ignorance like a disease, they would get no income at al if they told the truth about e-collars. If anyone really wants to cause pain, distress injury, a general bloodbath and both short and long term psychological problems then why not buy a Haltie head cage, probably available from your RSPCA Haltie head cages. http://www.champdogsforum.co.uk/cgi-bin/bo...eplyPost#492194 http://www.champdogsforum.co.uk/board/topic/37442.html http://www.champdogsforum.co.uk/cgi-bin/bo...ow.pl?tid=61921 http://www.champdogsforum.co.uk/cgi-bin/bo...eplyPost#480695

Carls the answere is to find oit about the law where you are-quite clearly in Oz there seems to be total confusion almost everywhere. What must never be forgotten is that the RSPCA there literaly went round making up stories and collecting money for themseleves for their campaign, although that ended up with the RSPCA Qz being fined a total of $100,000 that does not stop them still spreading the same false stories and most of the posts here show total confusion as to each law in different places. Carls- I have recommended probably in the region of 30+ ant-bark collars and seen them work on the dogs EVERY TIME,usually by about 3 stimulations, there is no stress and anyone suggesting electric shock and stressed dogs is simply lieing. If you call Innotek Aus they will tell you if any laws exist and where so thats link 1, below. Again I am posting the Inotek Vs RSPCA case - if you type in find - -"herald sun article" - -you will come to the part where they said e-collars were banned here and there the TRUTH was they were not banned at all + other things in that case which the RSPCA simply made up-liable is the civil law word for lieing, they were found to have liabled Innotek. I think in view of the RSPCA spreading false stories all over Oz, and collecting money for itself by doing so, most people are simply repeating 1st second and third hand stories, originated by the RSPCA Oz and which once examined have no basis in fact, the RSPCA cannot be truested and that has been proved by your court. Innotek Aus web site: http://www.innotek.com.au Innotek Vs RSPCA http://www.austlii.edu.au/

Goodog Also, the man from Tweed Heads who was prosecuted recently by the RSPCA for using bark control collars on his dogs has contacted me. Denis Can you tell us more about this case-I mean did the RSPCA just prosecute the guy and then he went to court and simply pleaded guilty because the RSPCA had told him it was illegal-or did he find out if it really was illegal first? I ask because of the case in the Innotek Vs RSPCA case - the RSPCA simply told the woman it was illegal-which it was not- then prosecuted and she simply took RSPCA at its word, she thought it was illegal because the RSPCA said it was illegal and never bothered to find out - so she went to court-the court asked "Guilty or not guilty" and she pleaded guilty-that was that, the court simply accepted her plea. A hypothetical example would be-if somone here paid the prosecution fee to prosecute me for cruelty because I gave my dog a dirty look and I then I went to court and pleaded guilty-then I would be guilty - if I pleaded not guilty then whoever privatly prosecuted (eg RSPCA) me would have to prove that giveing my dog a dirty look is cruel. So did anyone check out the actual law and anti barks in the case mentioned?

*afton* I just asked the RSPCA about these and in NSW it is ILLEGAL to use these types of devices!!! *Denis Carthy* You seem very confused about your laws in Oz regarding static pulse equipment but the last people to be trusted is your RSPCA, I can only suggest you check up with your state parliaments or whatever you have there. The RSPCA Oz has already been ordered to pay $100,000 dollars for liable to a static pulse manufacturer, that’s the civil law equivalent of lying. Your state legislation dept are the only people to find out from. The RSPCA made a lot of money collecting from campaigning and making false statements. What salary is the RSPCA director on out there?, some of that collected will pay him a handsome salary, it's one of the the ways some people 'earn' their money. Innotek Vs RSPCA Oz. http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/fed...t/2002/860.html

EddyAnne Quoted: Victorian Consolidated Regulations - PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS REGULATIONS 1997 - SECT 7E Denis Carthy I find that strange, in the Innotek Vs RSPCA 2002 evidence was given to the FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA that there was no ban or restrictions, the RSPCA could not forwards any evidence that there was. EddyAnne As to success rate with anti-bark collars well maybe there should be some INDEPENDENT SURVEYS by people that have no political or financial gain from anti-bark collars. Denis Carthy. You have hit the nucleus of what the fuss is about – its purely commercial, the RSPCA Qz made a fortune collecting in its campaign and lost a lot of it to Innotek. EddyAnne With this in mind I wonder what would be the effects of electrical stimulation on human tissue cells and dog tissue cells. Denis Carthy Non, and there is nothing suspect at all *1. Cells are interfered with as soon as a normal collar rubs the skin and other things, I have pasted some links below to static stimulation items which include erotic toys. Tri-Tronics alone have manufactured around 6.5 million collars, there are seven other major manufacturers globally and there are no adverse effects of any kind. All these people who shout against them cannot come up with one single case of any problem with them, they have never used one and know nothing about them, AND if they did make any claim they would have to name the make, model and year of manufacture so A) It could be assessed if the collar was used correctly. B) The manufacturer could examine the claim and take action against any liable or deal with any problem the collar might have, there are no known problems only welfare benefits with them. It is easy to tell fake claims about e-collars, the person never mentions the make, model or year of manufacturer of the collar, that way they avoid the liable laws. There are two categories of collars, limited use and e-training collars, there are probably about 90 models on the market of varying qualities and uses, to say e-collar really means very little. I support and recommend Tri-Tronics Pro 100 range and after June the G2 Pro 100 range for use as a training aid, especialy the G2 Pro 500, and all Dogtra collars for use as a training aid. ************************************ grotty_rotty Quick ?.... are the Innotek Containment systems LEGAl in Vic? Denis Carthy Well they were in 2002, below is the Innotek Vs RSPCA case Innotek Vs RSPCA AUSTRALIA http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/fed...t/2002/860.html *1. Klein, D., 2000. Elektrogeräte: Grundlagen, Wirkungen und mögliche Gefahren im Hinblick auf die Anwendung in der Hundeausbildung. Der Gebrauchshund 1, 38–48. There have been no electric shock collars for around 20 years, you have been fed none sense for commercial and to some extent political gain. 1. Below link: Electric shock collars and Static Shock collars what they were: http://p199.ezboard.com/fletstalkbreedingf...opicID=14.topic 2. Below: Static Stimulation defined and explained, Part 2 is easy to understand but part 1 covers some other things. http://p199.ezboard.com/fletstalkbreedingf...opicID=13.topic All the links below are just some samples of the exact same static stimulation. Deep Brain Parkinsons http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/deepbrain2/intros.htm http://www.wireheading.com/brainstim/ http://www.erosboutique.org/store/merchant...tro_Stimulation Acupuncture etc http://www.bodyclock.net/ http://www.vet.purdue.edu/cpr/research.htm...l%20Stimulation http://www.sexshop365.co.uk/catalog/default.php?cPath=65_192 Wound Healing http://www.medicaledu.com/estim.htm Deep Brain http://www.pallidotomy.com/deep_brain_stimulation.html http://feswww.fes.cwru.edu/ http://www.newyorkmetro.com/nymetro/shoppi...ns/beauty/9488/ Magnetic http://apu.sfn.org/content/Publications/Br...timulation.html Clinical studies have been designed and conducted for Tri-Tronics by veterinarians and physiologists at a major university. The scientific studies tested for possible cardiopulmonary and epidermal effects of Tri-Tronics electrical stimulation applied to the ventral surface of the neck of healthy dogs. These studies showed that there are no clinically significant changes in electrocardiograms, blood pressures or properties of the skin underlying the contact points. The clinical investigations involved parameters of electrical stimulation (e.g. maximum output voltage, output impedance, current density, and repetition rate) that are basically the same for all our models. The safety of these units is supported by strong scientific clinical data. Both the collar and the transmitter have redundant safety cut off features which shut down the unit and prevent excessive stimulation. These safety features receive special attention in Tri-Tronics environmental reliability and quality analysis.